Hollow fiber membranes are emerging popularity in wastewater treatment applications due to their superior efficiency and adaptability. These membrane structures consist of miniature fibers arranged in a matrix, providing a significant surface area for filtration processes. The structured nature of h

Hollow fiber membranes have emerged as a efficient technology in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their favorable structural properties. These fibers, characterized by a semi-permeable hollow core and a compact outer layer, provide a large surface area for biofilmgrowth and optimized separat